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Questions

A research question becomes answerable when the population, comparison and outcome are specific.

In practice

Replace a broad question about whether something works with a defined outcome, setting and time period. The narrower wording helps you decide which observations would actually answer it.

Keep exploratory questions distinct from claims that an effect has already been established.

Study numbers

Describe a sample

25% of this sample.

A sample share does not establish population prevalence, representativeness or causation.