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Data

Missing records are part of the result, not merely a housekeeping problem.

In practice

Define which records were expected, how many are available and why others are absent. A small percentage can still matter if the missing observations differ systematically.

Keep collection and exclusion decisions visible before choosing how to handle missingness.

Study numbers

Check missing data

12 missing records (10%).

The count does not explain why data are missing or whether excluding records introduces bias.